使用 @Primary@Fallback 微调基于注解的自动装配

由于按类型自动装配可能导致多个候选者,因此通常需要对选择过程进行更精细的控制。实现此目的的一种方法是使用 Spring 的 @Primary 注解。当有多个 Bean 候选者可自动装配到单值依赖项时,@Primary 表示应优先选择特定的 Bean。如果在候选者中恰好存在一个 Primary Bean,则它将成为自动装配的值。

考虑以下配置,它将 firstMovieCatalog 定义为主要的 MovieCatalog

  • Java

  • Kotlin

@Configuration
public class MovieConfiguration {

	@Bean
	@Primary
	public MovieCatalog firstMovieCatalog() { ... }

	@Bean
	public MovieCatalog secondMovieCatalog() { ... }

	// ...
}
@Configuration
class MovieConfiguration {

	@Bean
	@Primary
	fun firstMovieCatalog(): MovieCatalog { ... }

	@Bean
	fun secondMovieCatalog(): MovieCatalog { ... }

	// ...
}

或者,从 6.2 版本开始,可以使用 @Fallback 注解标记除常规 Bean 外的任何 Bean 以进行注入。如果只剩下一个常规 Bean,则它实际上也是主要的。

  • Java

  • Kotlin

@Configuration
public class MovieConfiguration {

	@Bean
	public MovieCatalog firstMovieCatalog() { ... }

	@Bean
	@Fallback
	public MovieCatalog secondMovieCatalog() { ... }

	// ...
}
@Configuration
class MovieConfiguration {

	@Bean
	fun firstMovieCatalog(): MovieCatalog { ... }

	@Bean
	@Fallback
	fun secondMovieCatalog(): MovieCatalog { ... }

	// ...
}

使用前述配置的两种变体,以下的 MovieRecommender 将自动装配 firstMovieCatalog

  • Java

  • Kotlin

public class MovieRecommender {

	@Autowired
	private MovieCatalog movieCatalog;

	// ...
}
class MovieRecommender {

	@Autowired
	private lateinit var movieCatalog: MovieCatalog

	// ...
}

对应的 Bean 定义如下

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
	xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
	xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
	xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
		https://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
		http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
		https://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd">

	<context:annotation-config/>

	<bean class="example.SimpleMovieCatalog" primary="true">
		<!-- inject any dependencies required by this bean -->
	</bean>

	<bean class="example.SimpleMovieCatalog">
		<!-- inject any dependencies required by this bean -->
	</bean>

	<bean id="movieRecommender" class="example.MovieRecommender"/>

</beans>