安全 HTTP 响应头

您可以使用安全 HTTP 响应头来提高 Web 应用程序的安全性。本节专门介绍基于 Servlet 的安全 HTTP 响应头的支持。

默认安全头

Spring Security 提供了一组默认安全 HTTP 响应头来提供安全默认值。虽然这些头中的每一个都被认为是最佳实践，但需要注意的是，并非所有客户端都使用这些头，因此鼓励进行额外的测试。

您可以自定义特定头。例如，假设您想要默认值，但希望为 X-Frame-Options 指定 SAMEORIGIN。

您可以使用以下配置来实现这一点

自定义默认安全头

Java
XML
Kotlin

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class WebSecurityConfig {

	@Bean
	public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
		http
			// ...
			.headers(headers -> headers
				.frameOptions(frameOptions -> frameOptions
					.sameOrigin()
				)
			);
		return http.build();
	}
}

<http>
	<!-- ... -->

	<headers>
		<frame-options policy="SAMEORIGIN" />
	</headers>
</http>

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
class SecurityConfig {
    @Bean
    open fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
        http {
            // ...
            headers {
                frameOptions {
                    sameOrigin = true
                }
            }
        }
        return http.build()
    }
}

如果您不希望添加默认值，并希望对要使用的内容进行显式控制，则可以禁用默认值。下一个代码清单展示了如何做到这一点。

如果您使用 Spring Security 的配置，以下仅添加缓存控制

自定义缓存控制头

Java
XML
Kotlin

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class WebSecurityConfig {

	@Bean
	public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
		http
			// ...
			.headers(headers -> headers
				// do not use any default headers unless explicitly listed
				.defaultsDisabled()
				.cacheControl(withDefaults())
			);
		return http.build();
	}
}

<http>
	<!-- ... -->

	<headers defaults-disabled="true">
		<cache-control/>
	</headers>
</http>

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
class SecurityConfig {
    @Bean
    open fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
        http {
            // ...
            headers {
                // do not use any default headers unless explicitly listed
                defaultsDisabled = true
                cacheControl {
                }
            }
        }
        return http.build()
    }
}

如有必要，您可以使用以下配置禁用所有 HTTP 安全响应头

禁用所有 HTTP 安全头

Java
XML
Kotlin

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class WebSecurityConfig {

	@Bean
	public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
		http
			// ...
			.headers(headers -> headers.disable());
		return http.build();
	}
}

<http>
	<!-- ... -->

	<headers disabled="true" />
</http>

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
class SecurityConfig {
    @Bean
    open fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
        http {
            // ...
            headers {
                disable()
            }
        }
        return http.build()
    }
}

缓存控制

Spring Security 默认情况下包含缓存控制头。

但是，如果您确实想要缓存特定响应，您的应用程序可以选择性地调用 HttpServletResponse.setHeader(String,String) 来覆盖 Spring Security 设置的头。您可以使用它来确保内容（例如 CSS、JavaScript 和图像）被正确缓存。

当您使用 Spring Web MVC 时，这通常在您的配置中完成。您可以在 Spring 参考文档的静态资源部分找到有关如何执行此操作的详细信息

如有必要，您也可以禁用 Spring Security 的缓存控制 HTTP 响应头。

缓存控制已禁用

Java
XML
Kotlin

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class WebSecurityConfig {

	@Bean
	public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
		http
			// ...
			.headers(headers -> headers
				.cacheControl(cache -> cache.disable())
			);
		return http.build();
	}
}

<http>
	<!-- ... -->

	<headers>
		<cache-control disabled="true"/>
	</headers>
</http>

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
class SecurityConfig {

    @Bean
    open fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
       http {
            headers {
                cacheControl {
                    disable()
                }
            }
        }
        return http.build()
    }
}

内容类型选项

Spring Security 默认情况下包含内容类型头。但是，您可以禁用它

内容类型选项已禁用

Java
XML
Kotlin

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class WebSecurityConfig {

	@Bean
	public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
		http
			// ...
			.headers(headers -> headers
				.contentTypeOptions(contentTypeOptions -> contentTypeOptions.disable())
			);
		return http.build();
	}
}

<http>
	<!-- ... -->

	<headers>
		<content-type-options disabled="true"/>
	</headers>
</http>

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
class SecurityConfig {

    @Bean
    open fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
       http {
            headers {
                contentTypeOptions {
                    disable()
                }
            }
        }
        return http.build()
    }
}

HTTP 严格传输安全 (HSTS)

默认情况下，Spring Security 提供严格传输安全头。但是，您可以明确自定义结果。以下示例明确提供了 HSTS

严格传输安全

Java
XML
Kotlin

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class WebSecurityConfig {

	@Bean
	public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
		http
			// ...
			.headers(headers -> headers
				.httpStrictTransportSecurity(hsts -> hsts
					.includeSubDomains(true)
					.preload(true)
					.maxAgeInSeconds(31536000)
				)
			);
		return http.build();
	}
}

<http>
	<!-- ... -->

	<headers>
		<hsts
			include-subdomains="true"
			max-age-seconds="31536000"
			preload="true" />
	</headers>
</http>

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
class SecurityConfig {

    @Bean
    open fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
        http {
            headers {
                httpStrictTransportSecurity {
                    includeSubDomains = true
                    preload = true
                    maxAgeInSeconds = 31536000
                }
            }
        }
        return http.build()
    }
}

HTTP 公钥固定 (HPKP)

Spring Security 为 HTTP 公钥固定提供 servlet 支持，但它不再推荐。

您可以使用以下配置启用 HPKP 头

HTTP 公钥固定

Java
XML
Kotlin

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class WebSecurityConfig {

	@Bean
	public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
		http
			// ...
			.headers(headers -> headers
				.httpPublicKeyPinning(hpkp -> hpkp
					.includeSubDomains(true)
					.reportUri("https://example.net/pkp-report")
					.addSha256Pins("d6qzRu9zOECb90Uez27xWltNsj0e1Md7GkYYkVoZWmM=", "E9CZ9INDbd+2eRQozYqqbQ2yXLVKB9+xcprMF+44U1g=")
				)
			);
		return http.build();
	}
}

<http>
	<!-- ... -->

	<headers>
		<hpkp
			include-subdomains="true"
			report-uri="https://example.net/pkp-report">
			<pins>
				<pin algorithm="sha256">d6qzRu9zOECb90Uez27xWltNsj0e1Md7GkYYkVoZWmM=</pin>
				<pin algorithm="sha256">E9CZ9INDbd+2eRQozYqqbQ2yXLVKB9+xcprMF+44U1g=</pin>
			</pins>
		</hpkp>
	</headers>
</http>

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
class SecurityConfig {

    @Bean
    open fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
        http {
            headers {
                httpPublicKeyPinning {
                    includeSubDomains = true
                    reportUri = "https://example.net/pkp-report"
                    pins = mapOf("d6qzRu9zOECb90Uez27xWltNsj0e1Md7GkYYkVoZWmM=" to "sha256",
                            "E9CZ9INDbd+2eRQozYqqbQ2yXLVKB9+xcprMF+44U1g=" to "sha256")
                }
            }
        }
        return http.build()
    }
}

X-Frame-Options

默认情况下，Spring Security 指示浏览器使用 X-Frame-Options 来阻止反射型 XSS 攻击。

例如，以下配置指定 Spring Security 不再指示浏览器阻止内容

X-Frame-Options: SAMEORIGIN

Java
XML
Kotlin

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class WebSecurityConfig {

	@Bean
	public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
		http
			// ...
			.headers(headers -> headers
				.frameOptions(frameOptions -> frameOptions
					.sameOrigin()
				)
			);
		return http.build();
	}
}

<http>
	<!-- ... -->

	<headers>
		<frame-options
		policy="SAMEORIGIN" />
	</headers>
</http>

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
class SecurityConfig {

    @Bean
    open fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
        http {
            headers {
                frameOptions {
                    sameOrigin = true
                }
            }
        }
        return http.build()
    }
}

X-XSS-Protection

默认情况下，Spring Security 指示浏览器使用 <<headers-xss-protection,X-XSS-Protection header> 来禁用 XSS 审计器。但是，您可以更改此默认值。例如，以下配置指定 Spring Security 指示兼容的浏览器启用过滤并阻止内容

X-XSS-Protection 自定义

Java
XML
Kotlin

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class WebSecurityConfig {

	@Bean
	public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
		http
			// ...
			.headers(headers -> headers
				.xssProtection(xss -> xss
					.headerValue(XXssProtectionHeaderWriter.HeaderValue.ENABLED_MODE_BLOCK)
				)
			);
		return http.build();
	}
}

<http>
	<!-- ... -->

	<headers>
		<xss-protection headerValue="1; mode=block"/>
	</headers>
</http>

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
class SecurityConfig {

    @Bean
    open fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
        // ...
        http {
            headers {
                xssProtection {
                    headerValue = XXssProtectionHeaderWriter.HeaderValue.ENABLED_MODE_BLOCK
                }
            }
        }
        return http.build()
    }
}

内容安全策略 (CSP)

Spring Security 默认情况下不会添加内容安全策略，因为在不知道应用程序上下文的情况下，无法确定合理的默认值。Web 应用程序作者必须声明要执行或监视受保护资源的安全策略（或策略）。

考虑以下安全策略

内容安全策略示例

Content-Security-Policy: script-src 'self' https://trustedscripts.example.com; object-src https://trustedplugins.example.com; report-uri /csp-report-endpoint/

鉴于上述安全策略，您可以启用 CSP 标头

内容安全策略

Java
XML
Kotlin

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class WebSecurityConfig {

	@Bean
	public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
		http
			// ...
			.headers(headers -> headers
				.contentSecurityPolicy(csp -> csp
					.policyDirectives("script-src 'self' https://trustedscripts.example.com; object-src https://trustedplugins.example.com; report-uri /csp-report-endpoint/")
				)
			);
		return http.build();
	}
}

<http>
	<!-- ... -->

	<headers>
		<content-security-policy
			policy-directives="script-src 'self' https://trustedscripts.example.com; object-src https://trustedplugins.example.com; report-uri /csp-report-endpoint/" />
	</headers>
</http>

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
class SecurityConfig {

    @Bean
    open fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
        http {
            // ...
            headers {
                contentSecurityPolicy {
                    policyDirectives = "script-src 'self' https://trustedscripts.example.com; object-src https://trustedplugins.example.com; report-uri /csp-report-endpoint/"
                }
            }
        }
        return http.build()
    }
}

要启用 CSP report-only 标头，请提供以下配置

内容安全策略报告仅

Java
XML
Kotlin

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class WebSecurityConfig {

	@Bean
	public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
		http
			// ...
			.headers(headers -> headers
				.contentSecurityPolicy(csp -> csp
					.policyDirectives("script-src 'self' https://trustedscripts.example.com; object-src https://trustedplugins.example.com; report-uri /csp-report-endpoint/")
					.reportOnly()
				)
			);
		return http.build();
	}
}

<http>
	<!-- ... -->

	<headers>
		<content-security-policy
			policy-directives="script-src 'self' https://trustedscripts.example.com; object-src https://trustedplugins.example.com; report-uri /csp-report-endpoint/"
			report-only="true" />
	</headers>
</http>

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
class SecurityConfig {

    @Bean
    open fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
        http {
            // ...
            headers {
                contentSecurityPolicy {
                    policyDirectives = "script-src 'self' https://trustedscripts.example.com; object-src https://trustedplugins.example.com; report-uri /csp-report-endpoint/"
                    reportOnly = true
                }
            }
        }
        return http.build()
    }
}

Referrer 策略

Spring Security 默认情况下不会添加 Referrer 策略标头。您可以使用以下配置启用 Referrer 策略标头

Referrer 策略

Java
XML
Kotlin

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class WebSecurityConfig {

	@Bean
	public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
		http
			// ...
			.headers(headers -> headers
				.referrerPolicy(referrer -> referrer
					.policy(ReferrerPolicy.SAME_ORIGIN)
				)
			);
		return http.build();
	}
}

<http>
	<!-- ... -->

	<headers>
		<referrer-policy policy="same-origin" />
	</headers>
</http>

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
class SecurityConfig {

    @Bean
    open fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
        http {
            // ...
            headers {
                referrerPolicy {
                    policy = ReferrerPolicy.SAME_ORIGIN
                }
            }
        }
        return http.build()
    }
}

功能策略

Spring Security 默认情况下不会添加功能策略标头。考虑以下 Feature-Policy 标头

功能策略示例

Feature-Policy: geolocation 'self'

您可以使用以下配置启用上述功能策略标头

功能策略

Java
XML
Kotlin

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class WebSecurityConfig {

	@Bean
	public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
		http
			// ...
			.headers(headers -> headers
				.featurePolicy("geolocation 'self'")
			);
		return http.build();
	}
}

<http>
	<!-- ... -->

	<headers>
		<feature-policy policy-directives="geolocation 'self'" />
	</headers>
</http>

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
class SecurityConfig {

    @Bean
    open fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
        http {
            // ...
            headers {
                featurePolicy("geolocation 'self'")
            }
        }
        return http.build()
    }
}

权限策略

Spring Security 默认情况下不会添加权限策略标头。考虑以下 Permissions-Policy 标头

权限策略示例

Permissions-Policy: geolocation=(self)

您可以使用以下配置启用上述权限策略标头

权限策略

Java
XML
Kotlin

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class WebSecurityConfig {

	@Bean
	public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
		http
			// ...
			.headers(headers -> headers
				.permissionsPolicy(permissions -> permissions
					.policy("geolocation=(self)")
				)
			);
		return http.build();
	}
}

<http>
	<!-- ... -->

	<headers>
		<permissions-policy policy="geolocation=(self)" />
	</headers>
</http>

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
class SecurityConfig {

    @Bean
    open fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
        http {
            // ...
            headers {
                permissionPolicy {
                    policy = "geolocation=(self)"
                }
            }
        }
        return http.build()
    }
}

清除站点数据

Spring Security 默认情况下不会添加清除站点数据标头。考虑以下清除站点数据标头

清除站点数据示例

Clear-Site-Data: "cache", "cookies"

您可以使用以下配置在注销时发送上述标头

清除站点数据

Java
Kotlin

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class WebSecurityConfig {

	@Bean
	public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
		http
			// ...
			.logout((logout) -> logout
                .addLogoutHandler(new HeaderWriterLogoutHandler(new ClearSiteDataHeaderWriter(CACHE, COOKIES)))
			);
		return http.build();
	}
}

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
class SecurityConfig {

    @Bean
    open fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
        http {
            // ...
            logout {
                addLogoutHandler(HeaderWriterLogoutHandler(ClearSiteDataHeaderWriter(CACHE, COOKIES)))
            }
        }
        return http.build()
    }
}

自定义标头

Spring Security 具有机制，可以方便地将更常见的安全标头添加到您的应用程序。但是，它还提供挂钩以启用添加自定义标头。

静态标头

有时您可能希望将不支持开箱即用的自定义安全标头注入您的应用程序。考虑以下自定义安全标头

X-Custom-Security-Header: header-value

鉴于上述标头，您可以使用以下配置将标头添加到响应

StaticHeadersWriter

Java
XML
Kotlin

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class WebSecurityConfig {

	@Bean
	public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
		http
			// ...
			.headers(headers -> headers
				.addHeaderWriter(new StaticHeadersWriter("X-Custom-Security-Header","header-value"))
			);
		return http.build();
	}
}

<http>
	<!-- ... -->

	<headers>
		<header name="X-Custom-Security-Header" value="header-value"/>
	</headers>
</http>

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
class SecurityConfig {

    @Bean
    open fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
        http {
            // ...
            headers {
                addHeaderWriter(StaticHeadersWriter("X-Custom-Security-Header","header-value"))
            }
        }
        return http.build()
    }
}

标头写入器

当命名空间或 Java 配置不支持您想要的标头时，您可以创建自定义的 HeadersWriter 实例，甚至提供 HeadersWriter 的自定义实现。

以下示例使用 XFrameOptionsHeaderWriter 的自定义实例。如果您想显式配置 X-Frame-Options，您可以使用以下配置

标头写入器

Java
XML
Kotlin

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class WebSecurityConfig {

	@Bean
	public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
		http
			// ...
			.headers(headers -> headers
				.addHeaderWriter(new XFrameOptionsHeaderWriter(XFrameOptionsMode.SAMEORIGIN))
			);
		return http.build();
	}
}

<http>
	<!-- ... -->

	<headers>
		<header ref="frameOptionsWriter"/>
	</headers>
</http>
<!-- Requires the c-namespace.
See https://docs.springjava.cn/spring/docs/current/spring-framework-reference/htmlsingle/#beans-c-namespace
-->
<beans:bean id="frameOptionsWriter"
	class="org.springframework.security.web.header.writers.frameoptions.XFrameOptionsHeaderWriter"
	c:frameOptionsMode="SAMEORIGIN"/>

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
class SecurityConfig {

    @Bean
    open fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
        http {
            // ...
            headers {
                addHeaderWriter(XFrameOptionsHeaderWriter(XFrameOptionsMode.SAMEORIGIN))
            }
        }
        return http.build()
    }
}

DelegatingRequestMatcherHeaderWriter

有时，您可能只想为某些请求写入标头。例如，您可能只想保护登录页面免受框架的攻击。您可以使用 DelegatingRequestMatcherHeaderWriter 来实现这一点。

以下配置示例使用 DelegatingRequestMatcherHeaderWriter

DelegatingRequestMatcherHeaderWriter Java 配置

Java
XML
Kotlin

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class WebSecurityConfig {

	@Bean
	public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
		RequestMatcher matcher = new AntPathRequestMatcher("/login");
		DelegatingRequestMatcherHeaderWriter headerWriter =
			new DelegatingRequestMatcherHeaderWriter(matcher,new XFrameOptionsHeaderWriter());
		http
			// ...
			.headers(headers -> headers
				.frameOptions(frameOptions -> frameOptions.disable())
				.addHeaderWriter(headerWriter)
			);
		return http.build();
	}
}

<http>
	<!-- ... -->

	<headers>
		<frame-options disabled="true"/>
		<header ref="headerWriter"/>
	</headers>
</http>

<beans:bean id="headerWriter"
	class="org.springframework.security.web.header.writers.DelegatingRequestMatcherHeaderWriter">
	<beans:constructor-arg>
		<bean class="org.springframework.security.web.util.matcher.AntPathRequestMatcher"
			c:pattern="/login"/>
	</beans:constructor-arg>
	<beans:constructor-arg>
		<beans:bean
			class="org.springframework.security.web.header.writers.frameoptions.XFrameOptionsHeaderWriter"/>
	</beans:constructor-arg>
</beans:bean>

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
class SecurityConfig {

    @Bean
    open fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
        val matcher: RequestMatcher = AntPathRequestMatcher("/login")
        val headerWriter = DelegatingRequestMatcherHeaderWriter(matcher, XFrameOptionsHeaderWriter())
       http {
            headers {
                frameOptions {
                    disable()
                }
                addHeaderWriter(headerWriter)
            }
        }
        return http.build()
    }
}